Which two main functions did Parsons identify for the family?

• A. Economic production and political socialisation
• B. Primary socialisation and personality stabilisation
• C. Religious instruction and caregiving
• D. Education and healthcare

Answer: (B)

Parsons saw the family as performing two crucial roles to keep a modern, industrial society functioning. First is primary socialisation, where children learn the basic norms, values, language, and beliefs that make them ready to participate in wider society. Second is the stabilisation of adult personalities, meaning the family provides emotional support and a safe emotional refuge that helps adults cope with stress and stay emotionally steady, so they can effectively fulfil their roles at work and in the family.

These two functions together explain why the family is seen as shaping future citizens and maintaining social order. Other pairings mix in roles handled by other institutions (like schools or healthcare) or emphasize activities not identified by Parsons as the two core family functions.