Smart (2007) argues that the individualisation thesis does what?

• A. Individualisation exaggerates the decline of the family and there are no longer strong bonds
• B. Individualisation does not erase social rules and family ties remain strong
• C. The theory predicts a complete collapse of kin networks
• D. It leads to universal dismantling of norms

Answer: (B)

The idea being tested is how individualisation shapes family life. Individualisation brings more personal choice and flexibility, but Smart argues this doesn’t wipe out social rules or erase family ties. People still rely on kin networks for support, and norms about care, marriage, and obligation continue to influence decisions, even as relationships become more varied and individualized. In other words, family bonds persist and adapt rather than disappear; there isn’t a total collapse of kin networks.