Duncombe and Marsden describe the 'triple shift' as the arrangement where a woman is expected to engage in what?

• A. Paid labour only
• B. Unpaid domestic labour only
• C. Emotion work only
• D. Paid labour, unpaid domestic labour, and emotion work

Answer: (D)

The main idea is that women often carry a threefold burden: they do paid work outside the home, they still do unpaid domestic labour inside the home, and they take on emotion work—managing and comforting others’ feelings. Duncombe and Marsden use the term “triple shift” to describe how women's duties extend beyond just paid employment and housework to include the emotional labor of maintaining relationships and family well‑being. In practice, this means a woman might work full‑time, then come home to cook and clean, and also constantly attend to others’ emotional needs, smoothing tensions and offering support.

That makes the all‑three answer the best fit, because it captures the full spectrum of labour described. Focusing on just paid labour ignores the domestic and emotional components, and focusing on just one of the other components ignores the others, whereas the triple shift encompasses all three together.